Java regex capturing groups indexes

I have the following line,

typeName="ABC:xxxxx;";

I need to fetch the word ABC,

I wrote the following code snippet,

Pattern pattern4=Pattern.compile("(.*):");
matcher=pattern4.matcher(typeName);

String nameStr="";
if(matcher.find())
{
    nameStr=matcher.group(1);

}

So if I put group(0) I get ABC: but if I put group(1) it is ABC, so I want to know

1. What does this 0 and 1 mean? It will be better if anyone can explain me with good examples.

2. The regex pattern contains a : in it, so why group(1) result omits that? Does group 1 detects all the words inside the parenthesis?

3. So, if I put two more parenthesis such as, \s*(d*)(.*): then, will be there two groups? group(1) will return the (d*) part and group(2) return the (.*) part?

The code snippet was given in a purpose to clear my confusions. It is not the code I am dealing with. The code given above can be done with String.split() in a much easier way.

Answer

Capturing and grouping

Capturing group (pattern) creates a group that has capturing property.

A related one that you might often see (and use) is (?:pattern), which creates a group without capturing property, hence named non-capturing group.

A group is usually used when you need to repeat a sequence of patterns, e.g. (.w+)+, or to specify where alternation should take effect, e.g. ^(0*1|1*0)$ (^, then 0*1 or 1*0, then $) versus ^0*1|1*0$ (^0*1 or 1*0$).

A capturing group, apart from grouping, will also record the text matched by the pattern inside the capturing group (pattern). Using your example, (.*):, .* matches ABC and : matches :, and since .* is inside capturing group (.*), the text ABC is recorded for the capturing group 1.

Group number

The whole pattern is defined to be group number 0.

Any capturing group in the pattern start indexing from 1. The indices are defined by the order of the opening parentheses of the capturing groups. As an example, here are all 5 capturing groups in the below pattern:

(group)(?:non-capturing-group)(g(?:ro|u)p( (nested)inside)(another)group)(?=assertion)
|     |                       |          | |      |      ||       |     |
1-----1                       |          | 4------4      |5-------5     |
                              |          3---------------3              |
                              2-----------------------------------------2

The group numbers are used in back-reference n in pattern and $n in replacement string.

^{In other regex flavors (PCRE, Perl), they can also be used in sub-routine calls.}

You can access the text matched by certain group with Matcher.group(int group). The group numbers can be identified with the rule stated above.

^{In some regex flavors (PCRE, Perl), there is a branch reset feature which allows you to use the same number for capturing groups in different branches of alternation.}

Group name

From Java 7, you can define a named capturing group (?<name>pattern), and you can access the content matched with Matcher.group(String name). The regex is longer, but the code is more meaningful, since it indicates what you are trying to match or extract with the regex.

The group names are used in back-reference k<name> in pattern and ${name} in replacement string.

Named capturing groups are still numbered with the same numbering scheme, so they can also be accessed via Matcher.group(int group).

Internally, Java’s implementation just maps from the name to the group number. Therefore, you cannot use the same name for 2 different capturing groups.